这一“speculative grammar”传统采纳了亚里士多德对于普遍性心理概念的观点,将其发展为一种普遍语法(universal grammar)。Boethius Dacus的观点具有一定代表性:
… all national languages are grammatically identical. The reason for this is that the whole grammar is borrowed from the things … and just as the natures of things are similar for those who speak different languages, so are the modes of being and the modes of understanding; and consequently the modes of signifying are similar, whence, so are the modes of grammatical construction or speech. And therefore the whole grammar which is in one language is similar to the one which is in another language.
这种路径在1300年以后也遭到了很多批评,例如提出过奥卡姆剃刀原则的Ockham,就认为所谓的modus significandi(modes of signification)定义上存在困难。后来的心灵主义路径(mentalist approach)也提出过一些批评。
中世纪晚期的心灵主义路径
这种路径的基本观点是认为,如果不将“意向性”(intentionality)考虑在内,将无法想象sign、signification、semiosis这些现象都怎么发生。这种心灵主义哲学将sign和signification的定位从语词本身转向了心灵。
也就是说,语词这类外在符号的signification建基于心理概念的natural signification。signification本质上被看作一种认知心理行为。心理概念不拥有,而实际上就是signification。
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