Ayer, A. (1946) Language, Truth and Logic.
For an introduction to various members of the Vienna Circle, see the collection by
A. J. Ayer, editor (1959) Logical Positivism.
Carnap, R. (1928) The Logical Structure of the World and Pseudo problems in Philosophy.
Carnap, R. (1956 [1947]). Meaning and Necessity: a Study in Semantics and Modal
Logic. This includes the paper Empiricism, Semantics, Ontology.
Russell, B. (1910) ‘Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description,’
Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 11: 108–128. Reprinted in his (1918) Mysticism and Logic, pp. 152–67.
二手阅读
Coffa, A. (1991) The Semantic Tradition from Kant to Carnap: to the Vienna Station. A very readable account.
A. Richardson and T. Uebel editors (2007) The Cambridge Companion to Logical Empiricism. Authoritative compendium with top-drawer contributors.
Uebel, T. (2007) Empiricism at the Crossroads. The Vienna Circle’s Protocol Sentence Debate. Details of a fascinating story
注释
1 第五公理:F的集合 = G的集合 当且仅当:对于任一x,x为F当且仅当x为G。
2 这不是说真理为事实的对应这一观点不能合理化。一本发展了这一观点的好书是Barwise and Etchemendy(1987)。
3 维特根斯坦把基本事实称作“事态”(德语:“Sachverhalt”),把“事实”一词留作表示组合事实(德语:“Tatsache”)。
4 维特根斯坦实际上的理论仅涉及单个 真值函项“N(…)”,这使得任何复数数量的命题都是推论;“N(p1 … pn)”为真当且仅当推论p1 … pn为伪。“联合否定”在真值函项上充分:任何真值函项——包括合取,否定等等——都可以以这种形式定义。
5 如果你在这里发现了问题,请参阅研究问题4。
数学联邦政治世界观提示您:看后求收藏(同人小说网http://tongren.me),接着再看更方便。