Raymond Ruyer-信息起源（二） (7-6)

2. TN. Here is a case where Ruyer is rather free with his quotation, though what he makes Wiener say does seem consistent with his cybernetic principles. Ruyer cites only Norbert Wiener, Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1948), 56 (first edition). The passages he has freely quoted from, with a little more context, are as follows: “No operation on a message can gain information on the average. Here we have a precise application of the second law of thermodynamics in communication engineering,” Wiener, Cyber-netics, 91 (second edition). “Thus the modern automaton exists in the same sort of Bergsonian time as the living organism; and hence there is no reason in Bergson’s considerations why the essential mode of functioning of the living organism should not be the same as that of the automaton of this type,” Wiener, Cybernetics, 62–63 (second edition). Ruyer provides this second quote in chapter 7.

3. Harold P. Blum, Time’s Arrow and Evolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951), 15 and 23.

4. TN. To clarify the possible ambiguity of the text here, it is clear from what Ruyer goes on to say that Case III is not the comparison of the first two cases, but simply the case of organized words and phrases.

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