6 在记录语句论战中谁做得更好,是纽拉特还是石里克?石里克确实在一点上反对纽拉特是吗?然而,大约二十年后,美国人威尔弗雷德·塞拉斯对石里克信奉的“所予”发起了批评(更近地,约翰·麦克道尔加入了塞拉斯)。在他对知识的真正基础的探索中,石里克被迫称他所谓“观察陈述”不能用我们公用的语言表达;这些是个人的体验。但这样一来这些经验要如何进入公用的语言中普通的句子里呢?它们如何承载理性?关系看起来必须是逻辑的——但这一情况下,它们并没有被挡在语言之外。你如何看待石里克和纽拉特(或许还有塞拉斯)的这一问题?
• 一手阅读
Ayer, A. (1946) Language, Truth and Logic.
For an introduction to various members of the Vienna Circle, see the collection by
A. J. Ayer, editor (1959) Logical Positivism.
Carnap, R. (1928) The Logical Structure of the World and Pseudo problems in Philosophy.
Carnap, R. (1956 [1947]). Meaning and Necessity: a Study in Semantics and Modal
Logic. This includes the paper Empiricism, Semantics, Ontology.
Russell, B. (1910) ‘Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description,’
Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 11: 108–128. Reprinted in his (1918) Mysticism and Logic, pp. 152–67.
• 二手阅读
Coffa, A. (1991) The Semantic Tradition from Kant to Carnap: to the Vienna Station. A very readable account.
A. Richardson and T. Uebel editors (2007) The Cambridge Companion to Logical Empiricism. Authoritative compendium with top-drawer contributors.
Uebel, T. (2007) Empiricism at the Crossroads. The Vienna Circle’s Protocol Sentence Debate. Details of a fascinating story
• 注释
1 第五公理:F的集合 = G的集合 当且仅当:对于任一x,x为F当且仅当x为G。
2 这不是说真理为事实的对应这一观点不能合理化。一本发展了这一观点的好书是Barwise and Etchemendy(1987)。
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